细胞 with fully artificial synthesized 基因组 were reported first in 2010 from which a minimalistic 基因组 cell was derived that 细胞分裂时形态异常。 最近向这个极简细胞添加了一组基因，恢复了正常的细胞分裂
细胞是生命的基本结构和功能单位，这是 Schleiden 和 Schwann 于 1839 年提出的理论。从那时起，科学家们一直对通过尝试完全破译遗传密码以了解细胞如何生长和分裂来了解细胞功能感兴趣。产生更多类似类型的细胞。 随着的到来 的DNA sequencing, it has been possible to decode the sequence of the 基因组 thereby making an attempt to understand the cellular processes to comprehend the basis of life. In the year 1984, Morowitz proposed the study of mycoplasmas, the simplest 细胞 capable of autonomous growth, for understanding the basic principles of life.
Since then, several attempts have been made to reduce the 基因组 size to a minimalistic number giving rise to a cell that is capable of performing all the basic cellular functions. The experiments first led to the chemical synthesis of Mycoplasma mycoides 基因组 of 1079 Kb in the year 2010 and was named as JCVI-syn1.0. Further deletions made in JCVI-syn1.0 by Hutchinson III et al. (1) gave rise to JCVI-syn3.0 in 2016 that had a 基因组 size of 531 Kb with 473 genes and had a doubling time of 180 minutes, albeit having an abnormal morphology upon cell division. It still had 149 genes with unknown biological functions, suggesting the presence of still undiscovered elements that are essential for life. However, JCVI-syn3.0 provides a platform for investigating and understanding life functions by applying the principles of whole-基因组 设计。
Recently, on March 29 2021, Pelletier and colleagues (2) used JCVI syn3.0 to understand the genes required for cell division and morphology by introducing 19 genes in the 基因组 of JCVI syn3.0, giving rise to JCVI syn3.0A that has a morphology similar to JCVI syn1.0. upon cell division. 7 of these 19 genes, includes two known cell division genes and 4 genes encoding membrane-associated proteins of unknown function, which together restored the phenotype similar to that of JCVI-syn1.0. This result suggests the polygenic nature of cell division and morphology in a genomically minimal cell.
Given the fact that the JCVI syn3.0 is capable of surviving and multiplying based on its minimalistic 基因组, it can be used as a model organism to create different cell types having varied functions that can be beneficial to humans and the environment. For example, one can introduce genes that lead to dissolution of plastics so that the new organism made can be used for degradation of plastics in a biological manner. Similarly, once can envisage adding genes pertaining to photosynthesis in JCVI syn3.0 making it amenable to use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere thereby reducing its levels and help in reducing global warming, a major climatic issue facing mankind. However, such experiments have to be treated with utmost caution to ensure that we do not release a super organism in the environment that is difficult to control once it is released.
Nonetheless, the idea of having a cell with minimalistic genome and its biological manipulation can lead to creation of varied cell types with diverse functions capable of solving major issues facing mankind and its ultimate survival. However, there is a distinction between creation of a fully synthetic cell versus creation of a functionally synthetic 基因组. An ideal completely synthetic artificial cell would consist of a synthesized 基因组 along with synthesized cytoplasmic components, a feat which scientists would love to achieve sooner than later in the coming years as the technological advances reach its peak.
最近的发展可能是创造能够生长和分裂的完全合成细胞的垫脚石。
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参考文献：
- Hutchison III C, Chuang R., et al 2016. Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial 基因组. 科学25 2016 年 351 月：卷。 6280，第 6253 期，aadXNUMX
作者： https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6253
- Pelletier JF, Sun L., et al 2021. 基因组最小细胞中细胞分裂的遗传要求。 细胞。 发布时间：29 年 2021 月 XNUMX 日。DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.008
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